Thursday, January 2, 2020

史达伟:美中双边关系:历史的教训

(来源:美驻华大使馆网站)
  (这是东亚和太平洋事务局助理国务卿史达伟David Stilwell20191212在美国“战略和国际研究中心”(CSIS)的演讲)
        我讲话的题目是“美中双边关系:历史的教训”。有个广为人知的中文成语叫“实事求是”。今天我想将这个原则用于美国与中国的关系史。很遗憾,这个话题并不总是实事求是地被讨论。
        特别是,我想检视一下极为重要而又经常被忽略的一段美中历史:即持续数十年,美国政府为赋能中华人民共和国及援助其发展做出的极其广泛的贡献。
        中国不仅曾是美国为维持世界自由秩序所做的整体努力的间接受益者。美国对中国发展的支持曾是有意、直接和具体的,采取了多种形式。我们提供了军事和情报协助。我们进行了慷慨的技术转让。我们确保了优惠的贸易和投资准入。我们赞助并安排了广泛的教育交流。我们提供了发展融资,并组织了政府对政府的能力建设。还有更多。
        在我们开始详述细节之前,我要指出中国变强的最主要动力是中国人民自己。中国在最近几十年最伟大的成就反映了中国人民的聪明、才干、勇敢和开创精神。当中国共产党最终放松了在中华人民共和国最初的几十年加给中国人民的灾难性压制时,这些特点驱动了中国的发展。
        当共产党领导人认识到“大跃进”“文化大革命”和毛泽东之后的混乱继任之争的失败,并采取行动放宽中国的体制之时,中国人民就能够投入工作——而美国和其他各方也热情地提供帮助。但是承认中国人民是这个故事的中心不应该让我们无视其他方的重要贡献,尤其是美国的贡献。
        但是,中国政府近些年来对美国、我们的利益和我们的原则表现出越来越强的敌意。这促使美国人民和本届政府重新评估我们的一些政策。如蓬佩奥国务卿所说,“几十年来我们接纳并鼓励中国的崛起,即便这种崛起的代价是美国的价值观、西方的民主、安全和良好常识。”
        北京的敌对行为并非不可避免。它不合理,它是中国领导人的选择。四十年前美国官员开启美国多方面的政策大力支持北京的现代化和自由化时,这绝不是他们想要或者期望的。
                      历史记录
        美国愿意帮助中国实现其雄心,中华人民共和国领导人邓小平对此十分清楚,即便是在197812月共产党的一次工作会议上他开启“改革开放”之前。确实,在他提出 “改革开放”理念的同一天,他还接受了来自美国政府的邀请,成为中华人民共和国第一位访问美国的领导人。
        接下来的一个月,美国和中国宣布了关系正常化,邓小平坐上了飞往华盛顿的飞机。我在本月早些时候在另一场演讲中提到了这个故事,但值得再说一遍:根据历史学者潘文(John Pomfret)记述,在飞机上,邓小平的外交部长问他为什么将美国作为上任后的第一个出访国家。邓小平回答,因为美国的盟友都富有和强大,如果中国想富强,就需要美国。
         ……在两国关系正常化的前夕,当邓小平接待白宫科学顾问弗兰克·普雷斯时,他坚持让普雷斯立即给卡特总统打电话,要求美国接收5000名学生。凌晨三点被电话吵醒的卡特回答道:“告诉他派10万名过来。”邓小平就这样做了。……截至1987年,不到十年之后,真有10万名中国学生在美国学习——这成为签证、奖学金和其他教育交流大增的一部分,这改变了中华人民共和国的科学和技术,且仍在继续。
        技术是邓小平1979年第一次访美的一个重要主题。他访问了福特汽车公司、波音和NASA,在一项美国对中国的科学援助协议上签了字,还与白宫达成一致,在中国西北地区建立一个名为“栗子行动”(Operation Chestnut)的联合情报站,从而促成了更深层次的军事和情报合作。
         ……
        天安门事件之后的确出现了一个变化,那就是中华人民共和国的领导人在学校和文化中引入了严苛的“爱国主义教育运动”。此举的目的是通过加强民族主义并将外国人——尤其是美国人和日本人——丑化为遏制中国并阻碍其崛起的所谓“敌对势力”,来强化对共产党的支持。制造关于美国敌意的不实之说这件事本身就是针对美国的敌对行为,但美国官员几乎没有注意到。
        相反,我们将精力集中在了制定我们对中华人民共和国的支持政策的下一篇章上。其中力度最大、最具影响力的可能要算中华人民共和国加入世界贸易组织。
         ……
        即便在人权上未见改善,克林顿还是开始赞成给予中华人民共和国“永久正常贸易关系”,并支持其加入世贸组织。他信奉一个理念, 是美国在对中华人民共和国贸易中长久以来所秉持的,后来也成了信条,那就是:如果我们扩大与中国的国际贸易联系,中国必然会在政治上自由化,有利于 中国人民、人权事业和整个世界。
        这种观点在美国发挥不可或缺的作用、使得中国加入世贸组织的过程中主导着美国的思维。加入世贸组织对于中华人民共和国的雄心来说如同火箭燃料,让中国获得国际市场准入,将其变为世界制造业和出口大国。没有什么政策措施比这更能让中华人民共和国变强。
        同时,像其他许多方面一样,帮助中国加入世贸组织时,我们刻意忽略了中华人民共和国不恰当的贸易做法和空头承诺。正如蓬佩奥国务卿所说:“我们鼓励中国加入世界贸易组织和其他国际组织,前提是中国承诺进行市场改革并遵守这些组织的规则。而很多时候,中国从未履行承诺。”
        ……慷慨的技术援助是几十年来美国政策的优先事项。甚至在关系正常化之前,卡特总统就发布了第43号总统令,指示联邦机构支持中华人民共和国在教育、能源、农业、太空、地球科学、商业和公共卫生方面的能力建设。很快,在华盛顿DC ,几乎所有的机构和办公室都有项目提供培训和专门的知识,从而加强中国政府的能力,扩大贸易,并从总体上帮助中华人民共和国融入全球事务。这些项目持续了数十年,直到今天。没有其他国家像中华人民共和国这样获得了如此大规模的美国能力建设援助。
        同样,美国政府还协助美国企业来帮助北京。20世纪90年代,美国的投资银行与中华人民共和国领导人一道工作,创立中国移动等大型国有公司,而后通过在纽约和伦敦等地上市来集资。同时,尽管这些公司尚未达到基本监管要求,美国的政策仍允许其从美国投资者那里筹集资金。数百亿美元流入中国政府国库。
        20世纪90年代,美国还为中国的公民社会提供了援助——我应强调的是,这是应中华人民共和国政府的要求。亚洲基金会和福特基金会与中国政府官员在经济改革、国际关系和北京自身的海外援助项目上合作。1998年,卡特中心与中国民政部签署了谅解备忘录,帮助开展实验性的农村选举。美国律师协会花了二十年与中华人民共和国的法官、官员和律师一道努力,开展刑事司法改革和法律培训,并打击家庭暴力。国际小母牛组织帮助成千上万的中国农民以更加可持续的方式饲养牲畜。这些努力往往得到了美国政府的资助——以透明的方式,并且符合北京自己的政策。
        遗憾的是,中华人民共和国对外国公民社会团体已经变得不友好。如今,北京将外国非政府组织描绘成阴险的颠覆者,而非中国发展的伙伴。并不是非政府组织改变了,而是北京变了。它失去了过去对增加开放度、透明度和对外联系曾有的热情。中国共产党也不愿与外界分享中国发展的任何功劳,以免其主要角色遭到削弱。因此,当前北京宣称,美国公民社会团体是破坏中国的“黑手”。北京还在2016年实施了一项旨在从中国驱逐外国非政府组织的法律,而这项法律恰恰做到了这点——非政府组织的数量从2016年的7000个减少到如今的数百个。
        ……乔治·W·布什总统和巴拉克·欧巴马总统如他们的前任们一样,都对北京行为的有些方面有所关切,他们两人都采取了措施防范北京带来的风险。但是,他们都确保了美国从根本上作为伙伴和支持者与中华人民共和国打交道。
        即使在北京舞弊以及美国对中国的累计贸易逆差激增至4万亿美元以上时,他们两人都扩大了与中华人民共和国的贸易和技术关系。尽管北京经常破坏重要国际组织的使命和精神,两人都支持提升北京在这些国际组织的地位。两人都相信了北京的说辞:双边关系里的麻烦问题可以通过更多的外交盛会和高级别对话来解决。并且两人都欢迎了越来越多的中国学生,到2015年,美国有大约27万名中国学生。在此郑重指出,现在在美国的中国大学生人数已达到37万人之多,与北京的宣称恰恰相反。
        美国有着追求与中国和中国人民友谊的长期历史,我们为此感到自豪。在美国和中华人民共和国关系正常化的第40个年头,值得一提的是,对中国和中国人民,美国所展现的乐观与友谊可以追溯到几个世纪以前。19世纪,美国传教士在中国设立了医院和大学。在19世纪后期,美国外交官支持“门户开放”政策,然后在1909年设立了“庚子赔款奖学金”,种下了清华大学的种子。第二次世界大战期间,上千名美国士兵牺牲生命保卫中国,以支持我们的盟友承诺,并抵抗了一股扩张主义的侵略势力。战后,美国坚持中国得到联合国创始成员国中的一席,在安理会中拥有否决权。
                  结论
        因此很自然地,四十年前当中华人民共和国一转向改革开放,美国就伸出我们的友谊之手。而北京现在宣称,美国面向中华人民共和国所展示的新竞争姿态暴露出要打压中国这个国家的愿望,这是彻底虚假的。相反地,我们当前的姿态是基于对中国共产党领导人的失望,因为他们决定以这种具有攻击性的、一贯的恶意回应我们的善意。
        我想要我们的关系是良好、丰富和互利的。任何想要美中关系友好的人都应该揭露和反对旨在激发敌意的宣传。对这种虚假信息予以反击有利于具有建设性的关系。孔子强调“正名”的美德。同样,我们想要澄清记录——有信心如果澄清了,这将化解,而不是助长敌意。
        几年前,我在北京担任美国驻华武官。由于我的姓氏,我遇到了一群中国爱国者,他们组织了一个激动人心的项目,名为“国家记忆”。他们的工作开始于1999年,当时其中一位创建人偶然碰到了一张老照片,这张照片很显然是在中国拍摄的,是美国陆军的牧师在为麦克默里少校举行葬礼,有美中两国军事人员参加。我的朋友不相信,尝试查阅自己国家档案中第二次世界大战的记录,但没有成功。但是他可以查阅美国国家档案馆,因此他找到了第二次世界大战期间美中作为盟友合作的6万张数字化照片。 ……然而,一直以来,北京官方的说法仍然是美国一直对中国怀有敌意。
        未来,美国将继续寻求与中国的良好关系,我们期望北京能够做出对等的回应。我们仍然认为,这是中国人民想要和寻求的。为了事实和友好关系起见,北京应该承认我在这里概述的美国提供的帮助和支持的历史。这是基于这样一种信念,即美中合作并加强现有的全球秩序让中国和世界得以改善。无论如何,美国人将努力对我们的历史和未来保持清醒的认识。
 ************
    附:北美华人e网的另一译文,作者不详
史达伟:下午好,谢谢你们等待了一个星期。您知道,事情发生在最坏的时间。
        很高兴来到这里。我去过–我认为这是我上任助理国务卿以来六个月里与CSIS的第三次互动。我认为这是一个我应该常来的地方。
       今天的演讲的标题是“中美双边关系和历史教训”。如果我将其翻译成中文,那就是“实事求是”——“通过事实寻求真相”。目的是要费力穿过一大堆来自双方的错误信息和假设,帮助大家列出事实。也就说,是要识别出哪些是非常富有成效的互动,至少在与中国的国家,与人民,与政府的沟通方面澄清事实,消除误会。
       特别是,我想着重介绍这段历史中非常重要但又经常被忽视的部分,即数十年来美国所提供的大量官方捐款(贡献),这些捐款赋予了中华人民共和国以权力并协助其发展。
       那么为什么要细数历史呢?好吧,我是一个历史学家。这是我在学校学习的专业,我的硕士学位是中国军事现代化。这将在本演讲的稍后部分提到。停下来思考一下,总是好事。
       因此,如果我们不承认这段历史,就无法声称了解美中关系的当前状况。
       第二,历史是丰富多彩的,并且戏剧化。它涉及秘密的总统指令,敏感的外交,世界上有史以来最重大的经济和技术变革,而且是悠久的历史。这意味着这将是一段很长的演讲,我会提前致歉,但我想您会喜欢这个故事。
        但最重要的方面是,通过回顾这段历史反驳了宣传机器的虚假说法,宣传机器声称特朗普政府对北京的竞争态势是受美国长期以来的敌意或用他们的话说的“遏制中国”的动机所驱动。事实是,几十年来,美国决策者将友谊之手伸向了中国,但至今并没有得到回报。这些历史记录将清楚地表明这一点。
        评论员偶尔讨论美国政策如何对中国赋权做出贡献时,他们通常将重点放在美国在维持自由和开放的印度太平洋,海上航线以及所有其他方面的总体作用上。 他们的观点是,你知道,像更被动的形式一样,美国提供的这种国际秩序使中国和该地区其他国家能够专注于经济增长和贸易以及其他方面。 那当然是故事的很大一部分,但是——要建立和维护国际秩序需要美国在热血、财富和思想上的巨额支出——但是这不是故事的全部。
        中国不仅仅是这一切的间接受益者;美国对中国发展的支持是慎重地,直接的和具体的。它采取了多种形式。简而言之——我们将在此处详细介绍–我们提供了军事和情报援助,我们进行了慷慨的技术转让,我们确保了优惠的贸易和投资机会,我们赞助并安排了广泛的教育交流——我们仍然这样做–并且我们提供了发展融资,有组织的政府间能力建设等等。
        因此,在我们深入探讨之前,我想指出,中国加强实力的主要动力是中国人民自己。中国近几十年来的最大成就反映了中国人的才智,才华以及勇气和企业家精神。当中国共产党最终放松了在中国开放几十年中给人民带来的灾难性束缚时,这些特征助长了中国的增长。共产党领导人认识到大跃进,文化大革命以及毛泽东去世后的连串的混乱争夺斗争的失败之后,他们改为推动中国的制度的自由化,中国人民于是可以回到工作建议中。美国和其他国家也热情地提供帮助。但是,承认中国人民在这个故事中的中心地位不会蒙蔽我们的重要贡献,也不会蒙蔽他人的重要贡献,特别是对美国的贡献。
        不幸的是,近年来中国采取了增强对美国的敌意,敌视我们的利益和原则。这促使美国人民和现任政府重新评估这些政策。正如國務卿蓬佩奥所说:“近几十年来,我们也容纳并鼓励了中国的崛起,即使中国的崛起以牺牲美国价值观,西方民主,安全和良好的常识为代价。”因此,北京的敌对行为并非不可避免。这并不合理,而且,这是中国领导人作出的选择。这不是40年前发起或大力支持北京的现代化及其自由化的多方面美国政策时的美国官员的渴望或预期的结果。
        邓小平在197812月的一次共产党代表大会上宣布改革开放时代之前,美国就已经明确表示愿意帮助中国实现其雄心。事实上,就在他提出并公开了这种改革和创新的理念那天,他还接受了美国政府邀请成为第一位访美的中国领导人,这是一个早前就提出的邀请。到了下个月,中美即宣布两国关系恢复正常,邓小平乘座飞机飞往华盛顿。
        我在本月初的另一场演讲中提到了这个故事,但我只想重申一下,只是重复一遍。根据历史学家约翰·庞弗雷特(John Pomfret)的记录,飞往美国的航班上,邓小平外交部长问邓小平作为领导人为何选择美国进行首次访问。邓小平回答:“因为,美国的盟友都是富强的,如果中国想富强,就需要美国。”这逻辑算是合理。
        对于中国现代化和繁荣的工程师邓小平来说,很明显可以依靠美国来得到帮助。他当时正在推动针对四个现代化的长期中国计划(我们知道这是什么),涉及科学,技术,工业,农业和国防。美国将在所有四个领域提供帮助,然后再提供一些帮助。这当然产生了结果。
        因此,在“文化大革命”造成的可怕的匮乏之后,邓小平强烈希望中国学生来美国学习。我相信现场有一些人就是当年的留学生之一。当邓小平在中国关系正常化准备期中接待卡特总统的科学顾问弗蘭克?普赖斯(Frank Press)访华时,邓小平坚持要求 普赖斯立即致电总统,要求接受5,000名中国留学生。卡特总统在凌晨三点被那通电话唤醒,回答说,告诉他可以派遣10万留学生,于是普赖斯转达了这个建议。不到10年后的1987年,确实有10万中国学生在美国学习,这是签证,奖学金和其他教育交流热潮的一部分,这改变了中国的科学技术。而且这个过程仍在蓬勃发展。
        技术是邓小平1979年首次访问美国的关键主题,他拜访了福特汽车公司,波音公司和NASA。他签署了一项美国向中国提供科学援助的协议,并与白宫同意在中国西北地区建立一个联合情报站,称为“栗子行动”。这导致了更深入的军事和情报合作。
        邓小平此次访问数月后,蒙代尔副总统访华,他对邓小平说,我们一再坚持——我将再次重申——我们坚信强大的中国的重要性。蒙代尔通过预告有关贸易政策和人权的主要内容来表明这一点:美国将给予中国最惠国贸易地位,将对中国商品的关税削减到提供给朋友和盟国的优惠水平, 即使北京没有达到美国法律规定的那种地位所要求的政治和民权标准,(有一句kind of hoping放在这里佐拉不知道如何翻译) 为中国创造这种例外将成为美国的普遍做法。
        卡特政府还利用美国在世界银行的领导地位为1980年中国成为世界银行成员国扫清了道路。第二年,北京开始获得世界银行贷款,自那时以来,中国已经获得了约620亿美元的贷款,使之成为世界银行支持的第二大受益国。
        卡特总统卸任后,许多美国外交政策都发生了变化,但是帮助中国实现现代化的方法得以持久。甚至加剧了。里根政府特别在军事和技术领域为中国提供了帮助。 1981年,里根总统发布了《国家安全决策指令》(NSDD 11),为中国的空中,地面,海军和导弹技术的销售开辟了道路。这是基于卡特(Carter1980年授权在中国销售非致命性军事装备而建立的。 1983年,里根的NSDD 76授权和平核合作,以促进北京的民用核计划。到1980年代中期,美国已同意向中国出售价值数亿美元的鱼雷,反火炮,雷达以及其他军事系统和设备。
        1986年,中美两国宣布了“和平明珠”计划,旨在通过先进的导航,雷达和其他电子设备使中国的F-8战斗机现代化。五角大楼表示,和平明珠将改善一个友好国家的安全,这个友好国家一直是亚洲乃至世界政治稳定和经济进步的重要力量。这些是非常乐观和积极的话。如果您对“和平珍珠”有任何疑问,可以和站在我背后的肯·艾伦(Ken Allen)交谈,他那里有很多照片和故事,他了解整个项目,我鼓励您与他聊一聊,因为故事催人淚下。
        里根政府于1983年放宽了对中国的技术出口管制,这进一步推动了卡特时代开始的工作。在1984年中国国务院总理赵紫阳·里根访华之前,他签署了NSDD 120,指示政府为中国雄心勃勃的现代化努力提供支持,特别是通过我们自由化的技术转让政策。机密的政策文件指出,美国正在寻求一个强大,安全和稳定的中国,这可能是促进亚洲和世界和平的一支日益强大的力量。
        1986年,里根政府甚至帮助中国建立了有关基因工程,自动化,生物技术,激光,空间技术,载人航天,智能机器人和超级计算机的研究计划。同年,美国还与日本及其他国家合作,将北京引入亚洲开发银行,后者随后向中国提供了400亿美元的贷款,用于交通,能源,水,农业,金融和其他项目。
        因此,让我们回想一下,在1979年实现正常化的第一个十年中,就像1979年之前的几年一样,美国在美国对华政策中的关键考虑因素当然是冷战,其中中国是苏联的重镇。但是即使冷战结束了,美国对华政策仍然非常有利。因此,随着冷战即将结束,美国领导人竭尽全力表明他们打算继续致力于中国。
        回想一下老布什对1989年天安门屠杀的反应。这种残酷的暴力驳斥了那种乐观的认为中国共产党的现代化意味着政治自由化的观点,这是我一直以来所假设的。但是,尽管如此,老布什还是没有在1989年之后从根本上重新评估美国与中国的关系。老布什总统暂停了新武器的出售,但他决定继续执行许多现有计划,包括“和平珍珠”计划,该计划后来被中国终止,而不是那个反对多数国会议员赞成的经济制裁的美国总统布什。他告诉公众,现在是时候超越这一时机,着眼于这一对美国至关重要的关系的重要而持久的方面。尽管美国政府宣布已中止与中国的高层接触,但布什还是派遣了国家安全顾问到北京进行秘密访问,并在信中强调了使我们的关系恢复正常的重要性。双方都这么做了。
        美国对天安门大屠杀的有节制的反应,反映了一种充满希望和宽容的心态,这种心态在未来几年继续影响着美国对华政策。几十年来,我们没有严重抗议过中国的侵犯人权行为。我们大多对中国向巴基斯坦,伊朗,朝鲜和其他国家扩散核和导弹技术不坐视不理。我们在很大程度上忽略了中国将源自美国的双重用途技术划分为军事用途。我们几乎没有反对中国的知识产权盗窃,商标商品盗版以及无数其他不公平贸易行为。决策需要平衡利益,我们经常有理由让这种或那种中国罪行得不到解决。 但是后果越来越严重。
        天安门事件之后,一个变化是中国领导人在中国向学校和文化发起了严厉的爱国主义教育运动。这场运动的目的是通过发挥民族主义和诋毁外国人来增强对共产党的支持,特别针对美国人和日本人——所谓的寻求遏制并阻止中国崛起的敌对势力。煽动中国人对美国的敌对的神话本身就是对美国的一种敌对行为,但美国官员几乎没有注意到。相反,我们集中精力在持续我们对中国的支持政策中的下一章节:这可能是所有中国中最有利和最重要的——中国加入世界贸易组织。
        克林顿总统上任时高度批评北京的人权记录。他承诺按照有关最惠国待遇的杰克逊-范尼克修正案的意图,在中国的贸易特权与人权之间建立联系。然而,到1994年,克林顿放弃了这种坚持。即使人权没有改善,他也开始主张给予中国永久性正常贸易关系,并支持中国加入WTO。他接受了一个想法,即美国考虑与中国进行贸易的大部分时间成为教条:如果我们扩大与中国的国际贸易联系,那将不可避免地在政治上放开手脚,使中国人民,人权事业乃至整个世界受益。那是一个崇高的理想。而且,您知道,我们追求这一点非常值得称赞。
        不幸的是,这种观点主导了美国的思想,因为美国在促使中国加入WTO方面扮演了不可或缺的角色。加入世贸组织为中国的雄心壮志提供了强力推进剂,使它成为了全球市场准入者,使中国成为了世界制造业和出口大国。从来没有任何政策如此进一步加强中国的实力。与其他许多方面一样,帮助中国加入WTO涉及到我们故意无视中国和适当的贸易惯例还有虚假承诺。正如國務卿蓬佩奧所说,我们鼓励中国加入世界贸易组织和其他国际组织,前提是中国承诺采取市场改革并遵守这些组织的规则。很多时候,中国没有遵守这些规则。
        因此,在1990年代美联储主席格林斯潘(Alan Greenspan1994年访问北京时,美国对中国的友好态度就显而易见了。格林斯潘对中国总理朱鎔基说,中国成功对美国乃至整个世界都非常重要。 因此,在我们拥有多年经验的技术领域,我们愿意为您的中央银行提供尽可能多的帮助。
        数十年来,慷慨的技术援助一直是美国的政策重点。甚至在两国关系正常化之前,卡特总统就发布了第43号总统指令,指示联邦机构支持中国在教育,能源,农业,太空,地球科学,商业和公共卫生方面的能力建设。很快,华盛顿特区几乎没有一个机构不提供培训和诀窍的计划,以加强中国政府的能力,扩大贸易,并普遍帮助中国融入全球事务。这些项目持续了几十年,并一直持续到今天。没有哪个国家像中国那样,接受过如此强烈的美国能力建设。
       美国政府同样帮助美国企业帮助北京。上世纪90年代,美国投资银行与中国领导人合作,创建了中国移动(ChinaMobile)等国有大型公司,然后通过在纽约和伦敦等地的股票上市筹集资金。与此同时,美国的政策允许他们从美国投资者中筹集资金,尽管这些投资者没有满足基本的监管要求。数百亿美元流入中国国库。20世纪90年代,美国也表示要向中国公民社会提供援助,是应中国政府的要求,我要强调一下。亚洲基金会和福特基金会与中国官员在经济改革、国际关系和北京自己的海外援助项目上进行了合作。
        卡特中心于1998年与北京市民政部签署了谅解备忘录,以帮助进行村选举试点。我想我们都记得那些。美国律师协会花了二十年的时间与中国法官,官员和律师合作,进行刑事司法改革,法律培训和打击家庭暴力。國際海佛基金會帮助成千上万的中国农民更加可持续地饲养牲畜。这些努力往往得到美国政府的资助,这完全符合北京自己的政策。
        不幸的是,中国对外国公民社会团体变得不友好。今天的北京将外国非政府组织描绘成阴险的颠覆者,而不是中国发展的伙伴。并不是非政府组织改变了,而是北京变了。它已经失去了以前对开放、透明和对外联系的热情。
        中共不愿说出谁对中国的发展的有功劳,担心中共的主角作用被削弱。因此,北京今天声称,美国民间社会团体是一只黑手,正在破坏中国。北京还强制执行2016年的旨在将外国非政府组织赶出中国的法律。它成功地做到了这一点,将非政府组织的数量从2016年的7000个减少到今天的数百个。
        这些不是1990年代之前或之后美国领导人寻求的结果。就像前任总统一样,小布什总统和奥巴马总统都对北京的行为感到担忧。两位总统都采取措施对冲北京带来的风险。
        但两位总统都确保美国从根本上将中国作为合作伙伴和支持者参与。两位总统都扩大了与中国的贸易和技术联系。即使北京在美国和贸易方面作弊,美国对中国的贸易逆差也飙升至累计4万亿美元。两位总统都支持提升北京在重要国际组织中的地位,尽管北京经常颠覆这些组织的使命和精神。两位总统都认为,北京可以通过不断增加的外交盛会和高层对话解决双边关系中的刺激因素。两位总统都欢迎越来越多的中国学生,2015年,美国有270,000名中国学生。仅出于记录目的,也为了厘清真相和对抗假消息,美国的中国大学生人数现已达到370,000人,与我们关闭该管道的指控相反。
       因此,我们为美国长期与中国和中国人民保持友谊而感到自豪。自美中关系正常化以来的第40年,值得回顾的是,美国对中国和中国人民的乐观与友好可以追溯到几个世纪以前。美国传教士于1800年代在中国建立了医院和大学。美国外交官在1800年代后期支持开放政策。然后,他们于1909年在清华大学设立了庚子賠款奖学金。
        第二次世界大战期间,美国士兵为保卫中国牺牲了数千人的生命,以支持我们的联盟承诺,抵抗一支庞大而激进的部队。战后,美国坚持要求中国在联合国创始国中占有一席之地,并在安理会拥有否决权。
        因此,总而言之,很自然,一旦中国在40年前开始改革开放,美国就会伸出友谊之手。
        北京今天宣称美国对中国的新的竞争姿态背叛了人们长期保持的渴望,“中国倒台”作为一个国家。这完全是虚假的。)
And it is altogether bogus that Beijing today claims that Americas new competitive posture toward the PRC betrays some long desire to keep, quote, China down as a nation.
       相反,我们今天的立场是基于失望,因为中国共产党领导人决定以如此强烈和一贯的恶意对我们的诚意作出回应。
       只想与此关联一个个人故事。在北京期间,我结识了一个通过纪念第二次世界大战实际上促进美中关系的团体。他们放出的展览被称为“国家记忆”(National Memories)。 它在威尔逊中心(Wilson Center)赞助的里根大厦(Reagan Building)上,然后在20153月我和五角大楼(Pentagon)赞助了。这些照片是黑白照片,于1999年交给我的一个朋友,显然是在中国南部举行葬礼的照片,有一名美国牧师和一名美国军官,埋葬了麦克默里少校,还有一群中国士兵,或者是中国人。
   他看到了这张照片。根据他所经历的教育过程,这颠覆了他的世界。他不敢相信这确实发生了。因此,他进入了中国档案馆,想找到支持这一点的证据。而且他什么也没找到。但是有人说,您可以直接在哥伦比亚特区的美国国家档案馆找到更多信息。他来到这里,发现了6万张二战期间这种非常互利的合作的黑白照片。对他所教的历史感到失望,他故意在中国境内外以咖啡桌书的形式传播这个词,上面充斥着这些照片和故事,以及我讨论过的这些展示。
       我们必须承认这一历史。这很关键。 我们在开放的媒体的世界里,任何人都可以去阅读任何我们关心的历史,去理解的我们的历史。
       这是今天关系的基础。我很乐意就这个非常重要的题目进一步回答你的问题。感谢您的关注。(掌声)
**********
  英文原文网址:
     https://www.csis.org/analysis/speech-assistant-secretary-state-east-asian-and-pacific-affairs-david-r-stilwell         
U.S.–China Bilateral Relations: The Lessons of History
                             Introduction
         Good afternoon. Thank you to CSIS for inviting me – and for rescheduling this speech after I had to miss our initial date last week.
The title of my remarks is “U.S.-China Bilateral Relations: The Lessons of History.” There is a well-known Chinese idiom, “Seek truth from facts.” Today I’d like to apply this principle to the history of America’s relations with China. This is a subject that unfortunately isn’t always discussed truthfully or factually.
     In particular, I’d like to examine a part of U.S.-China history that is hugely important and yet often overlooked: Namely, the vast range of official U.S. contributions, sustained over decades, to empowering the People’s Republic of China and aiding its development.
                 U.S. Support for China’s Development
     Why recount this history? First of all, if we don’t acknowledge it, we can’t claim to understand the current state of U.S.-Chinese relations. Second, the history is colorful and dramatic, involving secret presidential directives, sensitive diplomacy, and some of the most consequential economic and technological shifts the world has ever seen.
      Third and most important: Recounting this history refutes the false claims of propagandists who claim that the Trump Administration’s competitive posture toward Beijing is motivated by longstanding American animus, or a desire to keep China down. The fact is that for decades, American policymakers have extended the hand of friendship to the PRC—yet Beijing has not reciprocated. The historical record shows this clearly.
     When commentators occasionally discuss how American policy has contributed to China’s empowerment, they often focus on America’s general role in sustaining a free and open international order, including open sea lanes for international trade. Their point is that, in sustaining this international order, America provided China with a peaceful and stable external environment in which to grow. This is indeed a big part of the story, and to create and preserve that international order required enormous U.S. investments in blood, treasure, and ideas. But there is far more to the story than that.
      China was not just the indirect beneficiary of general American efforts to sustain a liberal world order. S. support for China’s development was deliberate, direct and specific. It took many forms. We provided military and intelligence assistance. We made generous technology transfers. We ensured preferential trade and investment access. We sponsored and arranged for vast educational exchanges. We provided development financing and organized government-to-government capacity building. And more.
      Now before we get into details, I want to note that the primary drivers of China’s strengthening were the Chinese people themselves. China’s greatest achievements in recent decades reflect the intelligence, talents, and courageous and entrepreneurial spirit of the Chinese. Those traits fueled China’s growth when the Chinese Communist Party finally loosened the disastrous stranglehold that it had placed on the people during the PRC’s first decades.
      Once Communist Party leaders recognized the failures of the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and the chaotic fight for succession after Mao, and moved to liberalize China’s system, China’s people were able to get to work – and the United States and others were enthusiastic to help. But acknowledging the centrality of the Chinese people in this story shouldn’t blind us to the important contributions of others, especially the contributions of the United States.
       Yet the PRC has acted in recent years with increasing hostility toward the United States, our interests, and our principles. This has prompted the American people and the current administration to reevaluate some of our policies. As Secretary Pompeo has said, “We accommodated and encouraged China’s rise for decades, even when that rise was at the expense of American values, Western democracy, security, and good common sense.”
     Beijing’s hostile behavior was not inevitable. It is not justified. It is a choice by Chinese leaders. It is by no means what American officials desired or expected forty years ago, when they initiated the multifaceted U.S. policy of intense support for Beijing’s modernization and liberalization.
                        The Historical Record
       America’s willingness to help China achieve its ambitions was clear to PRC leader Deng Xiaoping even before he inaugurated the era of “reform and opening” at a Communist Party work conference in December 1978. Indeed, on the very day he presented the “reform and opening” idea, he also accepted an invitation from the U.S. government to become the first PRC leader to visit America.
     By the next month, the U.S. and China had announced normalization of their relations and Deng was on an airplane to Washington. I mentioned this story in another speech earlier this month, but it bears repeating: On the airplane, as historian John Pomfret records, Deng’s foreign minister asked him why he picked the United States for his first trip as leader. Because, answered Deng, America’s allies are all rich and strong, and if China wanted to be rich and strong, it needed America.
     For Deng, the engineer of China’s modernization and prosperity, it was clear that America could be relied on to help. Deng was pushing longstanding PRC plans for “four modernizations.” These addressed science and technology, industry, agriculture and defense. The U.S. would help in all four areas, and then some.
     And it produced results. After the horrific privations caused by the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping intensely desired that Chinese students would study in the United States. When Deng received a visit from White House science advisor Frank Press in the run-up to normalization, he insisted that Press call President Carter immediately with a request to accept 5,000 students. Awakened by the call at 3 a.m., Carter replied, “Tell him to send a hundred thousand.” So he did.
     By 1987, less than 10 years later, there were indeed 100,000 Chinese students studying in America – part of a boom in visas, scholarships, and other educational exchange that transformed science and technology in the PRC. It is still booming.
    Technology was a key theme of Deng’s 1979 first trip to America, as he visited Ford Motor Company, Boeing, and NASA. He signed an agreement for U.S. aid to science in China. And he agreed with the White House to establish a joint intelligence station in northwest China known as Operation Chestnut. It led to deeper military and intelligence cooperation.
    Several months after Deng’s trip, Vice President Mondale visited China and told Deng, “We have insisted repeatedly, and I will state it again: We strongly believe in the importance of a strong China.” Mondale showed it by previewing a major accommodation on trade policy and human rights: The United States would grant the PRC most-favored-nation trading status, cutting tariffs on Chinese goods to the preferential level offered to friends and allies, even though Beijing did not meet the political and civil rights standards required for that status under U.S. law. Creating this kind of exception for the PRC would become a common U.S. practice.
     The Carter administration also used America’s leading position at the World Bank to clear the path for China’s membership in 1980. Beijing began receiving World Bank loans the following year. It has since received some $62 billion, making it the world’s second-largest beneficiary of World Bank support.
     After Carter left office many U.S. foreign policies changed, but the approach to aiding China’s modernization endured. It even intensified. The Reagan Administration helped the PRC especially in the military and technology domains.
    In 1981, President Reagan issued National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 11, opening the path to sell the PRC air, ground, naval and missile technology. This built on Carter’s 1980 authorization of the sale to the PRC of nonlethal military equipment. In 1983, Reagan’s NSDD 76 authorized “peaceful” nuclear cooperation to boost Beijing’s civilian nuclear program. By the mid-1980s, the U.S. had agreed to sell the PRC hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of torpedoes, anti-artillery radar and other military systems and equipment.
    In 1986, the U.S. and China announced the “Peace Pearl” program to modernize China’s F-8 jet fighters with sophisticated navigation, radar and other electronics. Peace Pearl, the Pentagon said, would “improve the security of a friendly country which has been an important force for political stability and economic progress in Asia and the world.”
    The Reagan Administration loosened controls on the export of technology to the PRC in 1983, again furthering work that began in the Carter years. Before a 1984 visit by PRC Premier Zhao Ziyang, Reagan signed NSDD 120, directing the Administration “to lend support to China’s ambitious modernization effort, especially through our liberalized technology transfer policy.” That classified policy document stated that the U.S. seeks “a strong, secure, and stable China” that “can be an increasing force for peace, both in Asia and the world.”
    In 1986 the Reagan administration even helped the PRC establish research efforts in genetic engineering, automation, biotech, lasers, space technology, manned spaceflight, intelligent robotics, and supercomputers. That year the U.S. also worked with Japan and others to usher Beijing into the Asian Development Bank, which later extended the PRC $40 billion in loans for transport, energy, water, agriculture, finance and other projects.
    Now let’s recall that, in this first decade after normalization in 1979, as in the years immediately before 1979, a key consideration in America’s China policy was the Cold War, in which the PRC was a counterweight to the Soviet Union. But even when the Cold War ended, the U.S. policy toward the PRC remained highly favorable.
    As the Cold War was ending, U.S. leaders went out of their way to show their intention to remain committed to China. Recall the George H.W. Bush Administration’s response to the Tiananmen massacre of 1989. Here was a brutally violent refutation of the optimistic notion that modernization by the Chinese Communist Party would also mean political liberalization. Nevertheless, President Bush decided not to fundamentally reassess U.S. relations with the PRC.
    The senior President Bush suspended new arms sales but decided to follow through on many existing programs (including Peace Pearl, which was terminated later by the Chinese side, not the U.S.). President Bush also opposed economic sanctions favored by a majority of members of Congress. “Now is the time,” he told the public, “to look beyond the moment to important and enduring aspects of this vital relationship for the United States.” Though the Administration announced it had suspended high-level contacts with the PRC, Bush dispatched his National Security Advisor on a secret mission to Beijing carrying letters that stressed the importance of getting “our relationship back on track.”
    And so the two sides did. That measured U.S. response to the massacre reflected a hopeful and accommodationist frame of mind that continued to shape U.S. policy toward the PRC for years to come.
    Across decades, we accommodated the PRC’s human rights abuses without significant protest. We mostly shrugged at the PRC’s proliferation of nuclear and missile technology to Pakistan, Iran, North Korea and others. We largely overlooked the PRC’s diversion of U.S.-origin dual-use technology into its military. We offered little opposition to the PRC’s theft of intellectual property, piracy of trademarked goods, and countless other unfair trade practices. Policymaking requires balancing interests, and we often had reasons to let this or that PRC offense go unanswered, but the consequences mounted.
    Following Tiananmen, one change that did come was that PRC leaders introduced a harsh “patriotic education campaign” into the schools and culture. The aim was to shore up support for the Communist Party by playing to nationalism and vilifying foreigners—especially Americans and Japanese—as so-called “hostile forces” seeking to contain China and block its rise. Stoking this mythology of U.S. hostility was itself a hostile act against the United States. But U.S. officials barely took notice.
    Instead, we concentrated on producing the next chapter in our policy of support for the PRC. This was probably the most favorable and consequential of all: PRC accession to the World Trade Organization.   
    President Bill Clinton entered office highly critical of Beijing’s human-rights record. He promised to reestablish the link between the PRC’s trade privileges and human rights, as the Jackson-Vanik Amendment concerning “most-favored-nation” status had intended. By mid-1994, though, Clinton dropped that insistence.
    Clinton began to favor bestowing on the PRC “permanent normal trade relations” and backing its membership in the WTO, even if there weren’t improvements in human rights. He embraced an idea, long part of U.S. thinking about trade with the PRC, that became dogma: If we expanded international trade links with it, China would inevitably liberalize politically, benefiting the Chinese people, the cause of human rights and the world in general.
    This view dominated thinking as the U.S. played an indispensable role in bringing about Beijing’s WTO accession. And WTO accession was rocket fuel for the PRC’s ambitions, giving it the global market access that turned China into the world’s manufacturing and export powerhouse. No policy measure has strengthened the PRC more.
    And, like so much else, helping China enter the WTO involved our purposefully ignoring PRC improper trade practices and empty promises. As Secretary Pompeo has said, “We encouraged China’s membership in the World Trade Organization and other international organizations, premised on their commitment to adopt market reforms and abide by the rules of those organizations. And all too often, China never followed through.”
    The friendly U.S. approach to China in the 1990s was evident when Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan visited Beijing in October 1994. “It is very important to the United States as well as to the whole world that China succeed,” Greenspan told PRC Premier Zhu Rongji. “Therefore, we’re willing to provide as much assistance as we can to your central bank in those technical areas in which we have many years of experience.”
    Generous technical assistance was a U.S. policy priority for decades. Even before normalization, President Carter issued Presidential Directive 43 instructing federal agencies to support PRC capacity-building in education, energy, agriculture, space, geosciences, commerce, and public health. Soon there was hardly an agency or office in Washington, D.C. without a program to provide training and know-how to strengthen PRC government capacity, expand trade, and generally aid PRC integration into global affairs. These programs lasted for decades, into the current day. No other country has received such an outpouring of U.S. capacity-building aid as the PRC has.
    The U.S. government similarly helped American business help Beijing. In the 1990s, American investment banks worked with PRC leaders to create state-owned megafirms such as China Mobile and then raise money via stock listings in places like New York and London. U.S. policy meanwhile allowed them to raise money from U.S. investors despite not meeting basic regulatory requirements. Tens of billions of dollars flowed into PRC state coffers.
    The 1990s also saw U.S. aid to Chinese civil society—at the request, I should stress, of the PRC government. The Asia Foundation and Ford Foundation partnered with PRC officials on economic reform, international relations, and Beijing’s own overseas assistance programs. The Carter Center signed an MOU with Beijing’s Ministry of Civil Affairs in 1998 to help with experimental village elections. The American Bar Association spent two decades working with PRC judges, officials, and lawyers on criminal justice reform, legal training, and combating domestic violence. Heifer International helped thousands of Chinese farmers raise livestock more sustainably. Such efforts often received funding from the U.S. government—transparently, and in alignment with Beijing’s own policies.
    Unfortunately, the PRC has grown inhospitable to foreign civil-society groups. Beijing today paints foreign NGOs as insidious subversives, not partners in Chinese development. It’s not that the NGOs have changed. Beijing has. It has lost its former enthusiasm for more openness, transparency, and foreign links. Nor is the CCP keen to share any credit with outsiders for China’s development, lest the starring role of the Party be diminished. So, Beijing today claims that U.S. civil-society groups are a “black hand” undermining China. Beijing also enforces a 2016 law designed to drive foreign NGOs from China, and which has done just that—reducing the number of NGOs from 7,000 in 2016 to a few hundred today.
    These weren’t the outcomes sought by U.S. leaders before the 1990s or since. Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama both had concerns about aspects of Beijing’s behavior, as their predecessors had, and both took measures to hedge against risks posed by Beijing. But both ensured that the United States engaged the PRC fundamentally as a partner and supporter.
    Both expanded trade and technology ties with the PRC, even as Beijing cheated and the U.S. trade deficit with China soared above a cumulative $4 trillion. Both supported elevating’s Beijing status in important international organizations, even as Beijing often subverted the mission and spirit of these organizations. Both believed the Beijing line that irritants in the bilateral relationship could be worked out via ever more diplomatic pageantry and high-level dialogues. And both welcomed more and more PRC students, with some 270,000 in America by 2015. And for the record, the number of PRC university students in the United States is now a whopping 370,000, contrary to Beijing’s allegations.
    We are proud of America’s long record of pursuing friendship with China and the Chinese people. In this 40th year since U.S.-PRC normalization, it’s worth recalling that U.S. optimism and friendship toward China and the Chinese people dates back centuries. American missionaries established hospitals and universities in China in the 1800s. American diplomats backed the Open Door policy in the late 1800s, then set up the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship in 1909 that seeded Tsinghua University. American soldiers defended China during World War II, sacrificing thousands of lives to support our alliance commitments and resist an expansionist and aggressive force. After the war, America insisted that China receive a seat among the founding members of the United Nations with a veto on the Security Council.
                   Conclusion
    So it was natural that, once the PRC turned to reform and opening forty years ago, America would extend our hand in friendship. And it is altogether bogus that Beijing today claims that America’s new competitive posture toward the PRC betrays a desire to keep China down as a nation. On the contrary, our posture today is based on disappointment that Chinese Communist Party leaders decided to respond to our good faith with such aggressive and consistent bad faith.
    I have reviewed this history not as an opponent of good U.S.-Chinese relations. On the contrary, I want our relations to be good, rich and mutually beneficial. Anyone who wants friendly U.S.-China relations should expose and oppose propaganda designed to stimulate hostility. Pushing back on such misinformation is in the interest of constructive ties. Confucius highlighted the virtue of the “rectification of names.” Likewise, we want the record to be clear –confident that if it is, it will defuse, not foster, hostility.
    A personal story illustrates the point. Some years ago, I was the U.S. Defense Attaché in Beijing. Because of my last name, I met a group of Chinese patriots who put together a stirring project called “National Memories.” Their work began in 1999, when one of the founders came across an old photo, clearly taken in China, of a U.S. Army chaplain conducting a funeral for a Major McMurray, with a mix of U.S. and Chinese military personnel in attendance. In disbelief, my friend tried to access World War II records in his own national archives, without success. But he could access the U.S. National Archives, so he found 60,000 digitized photos of U.S.-China cooperation as allies in World War II. He has since published these photos in multiple books and venues, including here in Washington. And yet, all along, the official narrative out of Beijing remains that the U.S. has always been hostile to China.
    Going forward, the United States will continue to seek good relations with China, and we expect Beijing to reciprocate. We continue to believe that this is what the Chinese people want and seek. In the interests of truth and of friendly ties, Beijing should acknowledge the history of American helpfulness and support that I have outlined here. It was the result of the belief that China and the world are improved when China and America cooperate and strengthen the existing global order. In all events, Americans will strive to remain clear-eyed about our history and our future.
    Thank you.